What changes—from curricula to student tracking—would support students pursuing a broad range of careers? MLA Formatting and Style Guide. Summary: MLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities. This resource, updated to reflect the MLA Handbook (8th ed.), offers examples for the general format of MLA research papers, in- text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the Works Cited page. Contributors: Tony Russell, Allen Brizee, Elizabeth Angeli, Russell Keck, Joshua M. Paiz, Michelle Campbell, Rodrigo Rodr. Kenzie, Susan Wegener, Maryam Ghafoor, Purdue OWL Staff. Last Edited: 2. 01. The following overview should help you better understand how to cite sources using MLA eighth edition, including the list of works cited and in- text citations. Please use the example at the bottom of this page to cite the Purdue OWL in MLA. See also our MLA vidcast series on the Purdue OWL You. Tube Channel. Creating a Works Cited list using the eighth edition. MLA has turned to a style of documentation that is based on a general method that may be applied to every possible source, to many different types of writing. But since texts have become increasingly mobile, and the same document may be found in several different sources, following a set of fixed rules is no longer sufficient. While the handbook still gives examples of how to cite sources, it is organized according to the process of documentation, rather than by the sources themselves. This process teaches writers a flexible method that is universally applicable. Once you are familiar with the method, you can use it to document any type of source, for any type of paper, in any field. Here is an overview of the process: When deciding how to cite your source, start by consulting the list of core elements. These are the general pieces of information that MLA suggests including in each Works Cited entry. In your citation, the elements should be listed in the following order: Author. Title of source. Title of container,Other contributors,Version,Number,Publisher,Publication date,Location. Each element should be followed by the punctuation mark shown here. Earlier editions of the handbook included the place of publication, and required punctuation such as journal editions in parentheses, and colons after issue numbers. In the current version, punctuation is simpler (just commas and periods separate the elements), and information about the source is kept to the basics. Author. Begin the entry with the author’s last name, followed by a comma and the rest of the name, as presented in the work. End this element with a period. Said, Edward W. Culture and Imperialism.
![]() Knopf, 1. 99. 4. Title of source. The title of the source should follow the author’s name. Depending upon the type of source, it should be listed in italics or quotation marks. A book should be in italics: Henley, Patricia. The Hummingbird House. Mac. Murray, 1. 99. A song or piece of music on an album should be in quotation marks: Beyonc. By Chelsea Lee APA Style has special formatting rules for the titles of the sources you use in your paper, such as the titles of books, articles, book chapters.Automatically formats, alphabetize, and prints bibliographies for free. For more information, see the “Optional Elements” section below. Title of container. Unlike earlier versions, the eighth edition refers to containers, which are the larger wholes in which the source is located. For example, if you want to cite a poem that is listed in a collection of poems, the individual poem is the source, while the larger collection is the container. The title of the container is usually italicized and followed by a comma, since the information that follows next describes the container. Kincaid, Jamaica. The container may also be a television series, which is made up of episodes.“9. Meetings.” Parks and Recreation, created by Greg Daniels and Michael Schur, performance by Amy Poehler, season 2, episode 2. Deedle- Dee Productions and Universal Media Studios, 2. The container may also be a website, which contains articles, postings, and other works. Zinkievich, Craig. Interview by Gareth Von Kallenbach. Skewed & Reviewed, 2. Apr. 2. 00. 9, www. Accessed 1. 5 Mar. In some cases, a container might be within a larger container. You might have read a book of short stories on Google Books, or watched a television series on Netflix. You might have found the electronic version of a journal on JSTOR. It is important to cite these containers within containers so that your readers can find the exact source that you used.“9. Meetings.” Parks and Recreation, season 2, episode 2. NBC, 2. 9 Apr. Netflix,www. Id=2. 00. 25. 61. C2. 0%2. C0. 97. 4d. Langhamer, Claire. Pro. Quest, doi: 1. S0. 01. 82. 46. X0. Accessed 2. 7 May 2. Other contributors. In addition to the author, there may be other contributors to the source who should be credited, such as editors, illustrators, translators, etc. If their contributions are relevant to your research, or necessary to identify the source, include their names in your documentation. Note: In the eighth edition, terms like editor, illustrator, translator, etc., are no longer abbreviated. Foucault, Michel. Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason. Translated by Richard Howard, Vintage- Random House, 1. Woolf, Virginia. Jacob’s Room. Annotated and with an introduction by Vara Neverow, Harcourt, Inc., 2. Version. If a source is listed as an edition or version of a work, include it in your citation. The Bible. Authorized King James Version, Oxford UP, 1. Crowley, Sharon, and Debra Hawhee. Ancient Rhetorics for Contemporary Students. Pearson, 2. 00. 4. Number. If a source is part of a numbered sequence, such as a multi- volume book, or journal with both volume and issue numbers, those numbers must be listed in your citation. Dolby, Nadine. 2, 2. Accessed 2. 0 May 2. Meetings.” Parks and Recreation, created by Greg Daniels and Michael Schur, performance by Amy Poehler, season 2, episode 2. Deedle- Dee Productions and Universal Media Studios, 2. Quintilian. Institutio Oratoria. Translated by H. Butler, vol. Loeb- Harvard UP, 1. Publisher. The publisher produces or distributes the source to the public. If there is more than one publisher, and they are all are relevant to your research, list them in your citation, separated by a forward slash (/). Klee, Paul. Twittering Machine. Museum of Modern Art, New York. The Artchive, www. K/klee/twittering. Accessed May 2. 00. Women's Health: Problems of the Digestive System. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 2. Daniels, Greg and Michael Schur, creators. Parks and Recreation. Deedle- Dee Productions and Universal Media Studios, 2. Note: the publisher’s name need not be included in the following sources: periodicals, works published by their author or editor, a website whose title is the same name as its publisher, a website that makes works available but does not actually publish them (such as You. Tube, Word. Press, or JSTOR). Publication date. The same source may have been published on more than one date, such as an online version of an original source. For example, a television series might have aired on a broadcast network on one date, but released on Netflix on a different date. When the source has more than one date, it is sufficient to use the date that is most relevant to your use of it. If you’re unsure about which date to use, go with the date of the source’s original publication. In the following example, Mutant Enemy is the primary production company, and “Hush” was released in 1. This is the way to create a general citation for a television episode.“Hush.” Buffy the Vampire Slayer, created by Joss Whedon, performance by Sarah Michelle Gellar, season 4, Mutant Enemy, 1. However, if you are discussing, for example, the historical context in which the episode originally aired, you should cite the full date. Because you are specifying the date of airing, you would then use WB Television Network (rather than Mutant Enemy), because it was the network (rather than the production company) that aired the episode on the date you’re citing.“Hush.” Buffy the Vampire Slayer, created by Joss Whedon, performance by Sarah Michelle Gellar, season 4, episode 1. WB Television Network, 1. Dec. 1. 99. 9. Location.
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During this same time period, cast iron cylinder heads were replaced with ones made of aluminum to save weight. This created a sealing challenge in areas where different materials with different thermal characteristics and different corrosion characteristics were bolted together. The solution some auto makers chose to use was a new type of intake manifold gasket that had raised synthetic rubber silicone beads around the intake ports and coolant passages. When the intake manifold bolts are tightened down, it deforms the raised sealing beads and presses the beads tightly against the surface of the head and manifold to seal the joint. The carrier itself (or steel grommets inserted into the carrier) prevented over- torquing by limiting crush when the intake manifold bolts were tightened down. But as we found out with the passage of time, some of these fancy intake manifold gaskets didn’t hold up very well. After 6. 0,0. 00 to 7. Apparently, the nylon- filled plastic used in the carrier is being attacked by the coolant, causing it to soften and deform. Eventually, this causes the raised sealing beads around the coolant ports to lose their seal and leak. The failure often occurs during cold weather as a result of thermal contraction when the metal head pulls away from the gasket. These applications alone represent a potential replacement market of more than 1. In addition, similar problems have also been observed on some late model Ford engines such as the 3. L, 3. 9. L, 4. 0. L and 4. 2. L V6 engines, and 4. L and 5. 4. L V8s. Similar intake manifold gasket failures have also occurred on some 1. Chrysler 3. 3. L and 3. L V6 engines. Here are some of the bulletins. They say the nylon- filled plastic material was not robust enough to maintain its strength and integrity for the life of the engine. As a result of vibration and thermal expansion/contraction, the plastic becomes brittle and cracks, exposing the gaskets silicone sealing beads. The coolant causes the silicone beads to swell, further weakening the carrier. Dexcool has been the factory coolant in GM vehicles since 1. Like the long life coolants that Ford, Chrysler and other auto makers use, it contains “organic acid technology” (OAT) corrosion inhibitors. The OAT corrosion inhibitors are not as alkaline as those used in traditional “green” formula antifreezes, but they are longer lived. But many motorists think this means forever, so they never check or change their coolant. Consequently, when the corrosion inhibitors in the coolant wear out, electrolytic corrosion can attack metal and even plastic and rubber surfaces in the cooling system. That’s not the case, nor does that occur with any other brand of long life coolant. The problem is not the brand or type of coolant in the cooling system. The problem is any type of corrosion inhibitor will eventually wear out. Once this happens, the coolant becomes acidic and allows corrosion to attack the metal surfaces around the coolant ports as well as the intake manifold gaskets. If the plastic under the sealing bead on the intake manifold gasket is eaten away, the gasket can’t hold a seal and will leak. In this case, you can’t blame the leak on the gasket. Blame the vehicle owner for not maintaining their vehicle. On the other hand, if the OEM gaskets had been made from a more robust material or engineered with secondary sealing beads around the coolant ports, maybe they wouldn’t be failing at low mileage. They’ve changed the sealing beads from silicone rubber to a tougher material called fluoroelastomer (FKM) rubber, which is much more resistant to oils, solvents and chemical attack. The location of the sealing beads on some applications have also been revised somewhat. The original OEM gaskets as well as the revised service gaskets are usually black with orange sealing beads. In 2. 00. 4, Fel- Pro introduced its new “Perma. Dry. Plus” intake manifold gaskets for engines originally equipped with plastic carrier gaskets. The Fel- Pro intake manifold gaskets have an aluminized steel carrier rather than a plastic carrier, and use a proprietary black fluoroelastomer FKM rubber compound for the sealing beads. What’s more, instead of having just one sealing bead around the coolant passages, Fel- Pro uses three concentric sealing beads to provide redundancy. The beads have also been relocated to accommodate minor corrosion around the ports. The gaskets also have self- centering torque limiters to limit over compression of the gasket when it is installed. The carriers are made of grey “non- hydrolysis” plastic material so they don’t absorb moisture and become soft like the older, nylon- filled materials. The coolant ports are surrounded with black HNBR (hydrogenated nitrile butadiene rubber). HNBR can withstand acidic coolants and is much more durable than silicone rubber. The HNBR material also forms the sealing beads on the Victor Reinz gaskets. On the Victor Reinz gaskets for Ford 4. L and GM Gen III and IV V8 engines, green FKM rubber is used to seal the intake ports while HNBR is used for the coolant ports. These engines have exhibited manifold gasket failures linked to fuel attacking the beads sealing the intake ports. FKM rubber is extremely resistant to gasoline, while HNBR is far more resistant to acidic coolants, hence the best of both worlds in one gasket. The plastic carriers on various applications are also fitted with steel load limiters so the gasket cannot be over- tightened. ROL says these materials work fine provided the coolant is maintained properly. If this area is eroded or pitted, the intake manifold gaskets may not seal properly when the engine is assembled. Pits can also be filled and sealed with high temperature epoxy fillers, then sanded or machined flat to restore a smooth, flat surface. If the erosion is severe, it might even be necessary to build up the damaged area by TIG welding the head, or replacing it altogether with a new or salvage casting. Another gasket manufacturer said anything from 2. Ra should be good enough. Even so, it must be smooth, flat and clean, with minimal pitting and waviness. If the intake manifold or intake ports on the head are milled at too high a feed rate, it can leave an undulating wavy finish with ridges and valleys that can be difficult to seal. This may result in coolant or vacuum leaks, as well as premature failure of the intake manifold gasket sealing beads. Flatness should be . RTV, other sealants or adhesives should not be used around the coolant or intake ports on carrier- style gaskets. The only place RTV silicone may be required is to seal the area where the ends of the intake manifold gaskets mate with the end strip seals on the block under the intake manifold or valley cover. New intake manifold bolts are recommended. But if you must reuse the old bolts, make sure the threads are clean and undamaged. Also, follow the recommended torque procedure when tightening down the intake manifold bolts and make sure it is the latest procedure as the original procedure and torque specs may have been revised. An oil leak may result if the vertical bolts are not tightened before the diagonal bolts on the lower intake manifold. Jalopnik. It’s a summer Friday! The best kind of Friday. Get out there and revel in the sunshine with your Toyota Celica Sunchaser! |
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